Targets for essay.

1. Remember the focus on this section is the British film industry, you must use British examples.
I will use more examples from Working Title instead of Hollywood.
2. Examples must be used from your case study Working Title, Warp and Hollywood should be used as comparisons.
I will focus more on Working Title and give examples and compare them to Hollywood and Warp.
3. Always refer back to the question, in this case the impact on the film industry.
Use PEE chains to give a point about the technology then give evidence from the case studt and explain how it impacts the film industry. Refer back to the question on each point I make.
4. Institutions and audience is your main focus within any given question. You must discuss these two areas in which you have studied.
Explain the impact with examples of each technology. Focusins more on Working Title than Hollywood and Warp.
5. Use the term audience as a substitute of 'people' and 'you/us', unless you are giving your opinion.
Use more detailed terminology to gain more marks.
6. Terminology is key, so make use of the terms you know and can include e.g processes, audience, conglomerate etc.
I will focus on the audience theories and compare the differences between Working Title and other institutions.
7.Give detailed points and explain, not describe, PEE CHAINS.
I will explain the impact in more detail rather than the description and advantages or disadvantages.

Audience booklet.

Audience Booklet

Representation of Race (Ethnicity).

Stereotypes of white people in the media:

• richer/snobby
• chavs
• law abiding
• blonde/big boobs
• drink alcohol-wine/beer
• upper, middle and lower class
• stressed/worry a lot
• always talk about the weather
• trailer trash/hillbillies/white trash
• educated
• academic
• eloquent
• nerdy
• uptight
• stiff upper lip
• often play the stupid characters e.g. Neil from The Inbetweeners
• usually the bad guys
• bitchy
• size zero
• white men can't jump
• white men can't run fast
• posh/formal RP
• protestant/christian
• dry/sarcastic sense of humour

Stereotypes of black people in the media:

• big booty
• gangsters
• rappers
• crime
• can't swim
• well hung
• men always die in films
• relaxed
• cooler
• muscular
• more musical
• big lips/nose
• newsreaders make it clear that they are black
• attitude
• bubbly
• slang/lingo/patois
• swagger
• terrible fathers
• pimps
• mischievous
• single parents
• religious
• focused on money
• gospel choirs
• power hungry
• like a laugh
• unusual names
• big families
• small houses
• colour paired with disability

Representations of age.

Young:
This age group includes teenagers and young adults. In our discussion we came up with the idea that you stop being young after the age of 25. Teenagers, toddlers, children and young adults are all classed in this group.

Some stereotypes:

• argumentative
• moody/hormonal
• arrogant
• gangs/crime
• lazy
• rude
• ASBO's
• noisy
• modern
• druggies
• outgoing
• trouble makers
• sex
• immature
• criminals
• rely on others
• teenage pregnancies
• different sub groups e.g. chav, emo and goth
• easy targets
• get blamed for the corrupted society

Old:
We came to the conclusion that people around the age of 60-65 are classed as 'old'. Basically around the age of retirement. It also depends on what job someone has. For example a person at the age of 40 who is a footballer, they are classed as 'old' and will have already retired or are considering retirement. But someone at the age of 40 who is a politician is 'young' and may been seen to lack seriousness or experience.

Some Stereotypes:

• grumpy
• awkward
• stubborn
• lazy
• smelly
• moany
• narrow minded
• 'incontinent'
• deaf
• hunch backed
• racist
• anti-youth
• prefer things how they used to be
• illness
• set in their ways
• smart
• knitters
• bowls
• lonely
• flat caps
• communities
• wrinkly
• dependant on others

Representations of age.

Representations of age

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Overview of audience theories.

Reception Theory:
The reception theory originated from Hans-Robert Jauss in the late 60's. It was most influential in the 1970's and early 1980's. It focuses on 'text' from books, movies and music. The idea is to see how this text is read by the audience. The media text has no inherent meaning and the theory also looks at the contextual factors such as influencing the spectator's reaction. The reception theory looks at a wide range of audiences such as the four quadrant audience, the niche audience and world wide audiences. The main aim of this theory is to place the viewer in context. Readers share culture so they interpret text in the same ways.

Hypodermic Needle Model:
This model involves the mass communication model. This looked at the mass media involving isolated individuals which created this large group. The mass media changed society and was most apparent in the 1940's and 1950's. It was most visible in television and radio. This model was used by the Nazi Propaganda and had a powerful effect on the audience. It was also known as the magic bullet as it injected ideas into the audience's heads.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:
This theory was made in 1943 by Abraham Maslow. It is split into five different areas; self actualization, esteem, belongingness, safety and physiological. The self actualization part focused on morality, creativity, problem solving and acceptance of facts. Esteem looked at confidence, achievement and respect for others. Belongingness was the idea of friendships and families. Safety involved health, employment, morality and security of the body. Physiological was breathing, sleep, food and water.

Categories of Audience:
There are six different categories of audience. Category A is top management. For example doctors. Category B is middle management. This includes teachers. Category C1 are people like office supervisors and nurses. Category C2 are skilled workers and tradesmen. Category D are people who are semi-skilled or unskilled. Finally, category D are people who are completely unemployed. For example students.

Uses and Gratification:
This theory explains why people use particular media. It mainly focuses on the functionalist theory which involves social and psychological needs. The idea of gratification comes from the mass media. This relates back to the hypodermic needle model. A mediums content means that they watch a specific program. This idea relates to different genres and becoming familiar with them. For example watching soap operas. The general exposure to a medium is watching television.

Two Step Flow:
This theory involved the two step flow model by Katz & Lazarsfeld in 1955. This also included the mass media but also opinion leaders and social interaction. It was introduced by Lazarsfeld, Berelson and Gaudet. People choice was a study in 1944, this focused on the process of decision making. The information moves in two distinct stages. The first stage is when the individuals receive the information, then the interpretations are passed on. This way, word spreads and people become more aware of whats happening. An example of this is when critical opinions influence us. The Sun influences political opinion.

Advantages and disadvantages of new technologies.

3D
Advantages:

• Enhanced viewing experience
• Real life audience interpretation
• Easy to adapt to any film

Disadvantages:

• Expensive experience
• Glasses are irritating
• Experience is limited

Cameras
Advantages:

• High quality picture
• Easier to distribute
• Speed

Disadvantages:

• Dynamic range
• Captures the real visual aspects
• Resolution

Editing Software
Advantages:

• Unlimited editing of film sequences
• Add any other sound/music
• Transitions between shots are varied

Disadvantages:

• Time consuming
• Software can crash
• Expensive

CGI
Advantages:

• Backdrops can be created
• Interaction of real life and animation
• Director can explore a range of camera techniques

Disadvantages:

• Specific hardware is required
• Costly
• Unrealistic

HD/Blu-ray
Advantages:

• Higher resolution - better picture
• Greater sound quality
• Extra characteristics

Disadvantages:

• Hardware is expensive
• Limited film titles
• 'Power hungry'

Audience theory questions - task two.

Audience Theory Questions 2

Audience theory questions - task one.

Audience Theory Questions

Let the right one in.

Let the Right One In

This is England '86 notes.

This is England '86 is a remake of the original film. It was a drama series aired on Channel 4 in 2010...

Key Points:

• Directors: Shane Meadows and Tom Harper
• Producer: Derrin Schlesinger
• Production Company: Warp Films
• Executive Producers: Mark Herbert and Shane Meadows
• Funding: Screen Yorkshire Filming, EM Media

This is England '86 shows how much the original characters from the film have changed. The aim of the series was to express how life was in the 80's and how cultures were developing. The skin head culture had phased out into this series and the mod revival was introduced. The recession was also clear in this series because they struggled to pay for some things. This appeals to the audience as they can relate to this situation because it is still going on to this day. This series appeals to older teenagers as they are a similar age and can relate to their personality. Directors would have also taken into consideration that teenagers that originally watched the film in 2006 will have gotten older and would want to see the remake of when the cast grew up in 2008. Meadows also used the same cast which encourages viewers to watch it even more because they know what to expect and can understand the story more. The film was also shot in Sheffield which was the same location as the film. By having the same links, it attracts the same viewers as they can understand the story a lot quicker and don't have to worry about learning new characters or settings. The budget for the television series was a lot higher than the film. This is because it would be more popular because the teenage audience know what to expect.  The difference between budgets were extreme. For the film it was £1.5 million whereas the television series it was £20million. By having this large budget, they could focus more on artificial, additional lighting and include more settings and locations. A wider variety of cameras were also used and editing software was a better quality which was a bonus as the quality of film overall was improved. The final change that Meadows made was that the series doesn't just focus on the main character Sean, other characters were introduced and were seen a lot more than in the film. This appealed to the audience as they could learn a lot more about each individual character.

Advantages and disadvantages of new technologies.

New technologies ppt adv and disadv answers

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What makes a film British?

What makes a film British? on Prezi

Other things that appeal to audiences and what they look for:

• Iconography
• Cinematography
• Humour
• Stereotypes
• Cast
• Locations
• Editing

New Technologies In Film Production.

New Technologies in Film. on Prezi

Audience Theory - The Six Different Areas.

The Reception Theory:


Hypodermic Needle Model:


Maslow's Hierachy of Needs:


Categories of Audience:


Uses and Gratification:


Two Step Flow:

Representation - Disability.

Some Views people may have of disabled people:
It always depends on what disability a person may have to judge them or have sympathy for them. People generally feel that they are very brave and believe that people with disabilities should have equal opportunities to able people. Some people also feel awkward around them which could make the victims feel awkward. They have a large amount of sympathy for them but they don't want to patronise them or make them feel any different. Disabled people also rely on others an awful lot as they can struggle with everyday activities. Some people may even try to avoid these people as it is better to stay out of the way. Disabled people are also easier to poke fun at rather than have sympathy for them but this refers back to the idea that it depends what the disability is. In other situations, these people with a disability make others well aware of it by making it clear that they need help. They may also be quite bitter about it but they can't help being that way because they may be frustrated or angry that they can't do some things like others. Another point is that people in wheelchairs are hard to look at or it is difficult to know where to look as you don't want to make them feel awkward. Most people also tend to be more comfortable around physically disabled people rather than someone that is mentally disabled because you don't know how to react or treat them.

Some Celebrities with Disabilities:

• Stephen Hawking- Wheelchair, motor neurone.
• Heather Mills- one leg
• Gordon Brown- One eye
• Stevie Wonder- Blind
• Verne Troyer- Dwarf.
• Mohammed Ali - Parkinson's Disease.
• Michael J Fox- Parkinson's Disease.
• Gary Coleman- Dwarf.
• Albert Einstein- Autism.
• Leonardo Davinci-Autism.
• Ian Dury- Polio.
• Mozart- Deaf.

Characters in Film:

• Rainman- Dustin Hoffman.
• Forest Gump - Tom Hanks.
• My Left Foot- Daniel Day Lewis.
• I Am Sam- Sean Penn.
• Born on the 4th July- Tom Cruise.
• Waterboy- Adam Sandler.
• The Ringer- Johnny Knoxville.
• The Curious Case Of Benjamin Button- Brad Pitt.
• Unbreakable- Samuel L.Jackson.
• I Robot- Will Smith.
• Million Dollar Baby- Hillary Swank.
• Avatar- Sam Worthington.

Example of disability - Dr. House.

Dr. House

This is England - Notes.

• This Is England had a £1.5 million budget for production
• It was funded by the National Lottery
• It received £90,000 from the UK Film Council after production
• It was made in 2006
• It is directed by Shane Meadows and produced by Warp Films
• It was based on Meadow's personal experiences
• The main star had never acted before and was from a deprived area
• It is based on the theme of social realism
• It was filmed in a pre-fabricated set
• It uses natural lighting
• They used improvisation when building key scenes so that the actors had their own creative input and could relate to the character
• The producer is Mark Herbert
• The film is set in 1983
• It changes the perception of the 'skin head' culture
• The film also looks at other topics like working class people, racism and bullying
• It shows that he had a bad family background and childhood
• The film focuses on violence in gangs and their appearance
• It highlights that gangs were like hierarchy's as they had leaders and different social status's
• It sends out a strong educational message to teenagers
• It is rated 18

Appeal to the British Audience?
It appeals to the British audience as it focuses on Margaret Thatcher and the current time and events. The opening scenes look at the different cultures as well as fighting and war. This is relevant as the audience can relate to these occurrences and understand what it was like. The introduction of the characters also sets a first impression of what they were like in the 80's because of the swearing, humour, bullying and racism. The style that they had is also clear and is highlighted through each individuals similar clothing. For example the 'skin head' culture.

Who the audience is and how we know?
The target audience of this film is clearly for adults and teenagers. Teenagers find it humorous as they relate to a different idea to the teenagers in the 80's but it appeals to adults because they can remember what it was like personally. The idea of reggae also started the foundation of the skin head culture. The film also appeals to men and women as Shaun is very likable and funny and the girls are very similar.

How it differs from Hot Fuzz?
This is England is a lot more realistic than Hot Fuzz. Hot Fuzz is more action based whereas This is England focuses on a specific period of time and what was currently happening.

How Social Realism is Constructed?
The crimes, fighting, bullying and swearing shows the typical 80's culture. The cane punishment is also shown in the film and this shows how things have changed since then. The audience can also relate to this. Gangs were also a big part of this time period and the 'skin heads' emphasise what a typical gang was like. His mother is clearly a bad influence on him as she smokes and acts like she doesn't care, although she is weary of him being in the group and looks out for him. It is like a comedy because he is quite funny, as well as the rest of the group but we also feel a sense of sympathy when Gadget picks on him and bullies him. Each character is unique and we see how they change throughout. Its as if they are individually ranked in the gang.
The film is also quite authentic and the British icons that are used are effective as the audience can relate to them. The montage also works well as it is a good introduction the the film and the overall 80's theme.

Cinematography?
Most scenes are filmed using hand held cameras and this makes it more realistic and informal. You don't notice the cuts as they are all simple transitions. There are also no special effects and lighting gets darker when the mood changes. This is effective as the audience can understand either the change in character or personality. The music also complements the mood and the scenes are also quite simple and basic. The setting emphasises the culture and time period. They also use a dated radio which also shows the theme and culture of the 80's.

Audience theory.

In this lesson we focussed on the different areas of audience theory. We came up with 6 different groups:

Reception Theory:

• how text is read by the audience
• contextual factors
• 4 quadrant audience
• niche audience
• worldwide audience
• originated in the late 60's
• it was most influencial in the early 70's to 80's (Jauss)
• media context has no inherent meaning
• it places the viewer in context

Hyodermic Needle Model:

• powerful effect on audience
• also known as the magic bullet

Maslow's Hierachy:

• it was produced in 1943
• it was produced by Abraham Maslow
• it had 5 different parts to the hierachy
• self actuals
• esteem
• belongingness
• safety needs
• basic life needs

Categories of Audience:

• there are 6 different categories
• top management
• middle management
• office supervisors
• skilled workers
• semi-skilled/unskilled
• unemployed

Uses & Gratification:

• functionalist theory
• mediums content
• familiarity
• general exposure

Two Step Flow:

• produced by Lazarsfield
• peoples choice in 1944
• it has 2 distinct stages
• the individuals get information
• then works like chinese whispers
• the Sun helps influence opinions

Seven areas of representation - (common stereotypes).

REPRESENTATIONS – COMMON STEREOTYPES

The production process.

1. The pitch is made.
2. The pitch is accepted.
3. The script is written.
4. The script is accepted.
5. The budget is made.
6. The storyboard is produced.
7. Casting is made.
8. Casting is approved.
9. Pre-production happens.
10. Shooting happens.
11. Post-production happens.
12. The final cut is made.
13. Marketing is made.
14. It is released.

New Technologies In Film Production.

The type of technology that filmmakers use is essential for the quality of the film that is being produced. They are updating and adapting as time goes on. It depends on how much money the institutions have to use as these technologies can be very expensive. Some of these technologies are 3D, Blu-ray, Imax, HD, special effects, SFX, Green Screen, CGI, camera and editing software. I am going to research each technology and see how they are used, but also the impact that they have on the films and the audience.

3D:
The use of 3D is becoming more and more popular. It basically means that it is 3 dimensional images. The film is shot with 3 different lenses so 3D glasses are required to put these dimensions into one. This is effective as it makes the audience feel more involved. Real D is the current company of 3D. it is mainly used for special effects in huge films like Hollywood blockbusters although it can be used for animation and real life actors. It has a huge impact on the audience as it makes them feel more involved in the film and it also encourages them to go see it as its a lot different than a normal 2 dimensional film. The disadvantage is that it has been known to cause headaches so health risks are possible. Also 3D glasses have to be worn throughout which can be uncomfortable. Some viewers say that some 3D films do not need to be 3D and this may be due to the storyline or it is just not needed. Examples of 3D films from Warp, Working Title and Hollywood are Senna, Saw 3D, Avatar, Alice in Wonderland, Toy Story 3, Jackass 3D and many more.

CGI:
CGI is the use of computer generated images. This technology is used for films, TV programmes and even TV adverts. It has been going since the 1970's and is used for special effects. It is used by generating images on a computer to make animated characters and settings. Avatar is an example of this and it is effective because it gives it a more futuristic feel to the film. This works well with 3D and attracts more viewers because it is so different to ordinary 2D films. It has a huge impact on big Hollywood blockbusters because they can afford to use them largely, although some viewers prefer either 3D or just special effects. Some examples of films with CGI are The incredibles, UP, Monsters Inc., Toy Story, Finding Nemo and many more.

Editing Software:
Editing software is used to make special effects. The helps the transitions of the film run smoother which manipulates the film. There are many different types of editing software and some are better than others. Some include Final Cut, Avid, Movie Maker and Premiere Pro. By using editing software, it attracts more viewers because of the quality of special effects. These are most effective in big Hollywood action films as it involves the audience more. Editing software is used in all films to add, edit or delete scenes.

Camera:
Camera's have changed drastically through the years. It has gone from using a 35mm to digital cameras. They are a technology that takes photographs and moving images. A 35mm camera takes 24 frames per second which is a still image whereas a maxi vision 48 takes 48 frames per second and this is HD. HD is also becoming more popular  and this depends on the camera that is being used. The quality of the film is crucial for filmmakers so they have to be sure the camera is reliable and up to date. It has a huge impact on the film making process as the shooting is a large part of production.

Blu-ray:

Blu-ray discs are becoming more and more popular. Blu-ray 3D is also being introduced which makes it even more effective. Blu-ray discs are just DVD's with better quality picture and sound. They are known to have six times the resolution of a normal DVD and the sound has up to 7.1 channels of lossless audio. These discs can also store more information which also increases the quality of sound and picture. It is very interactive and durable. They are good because blu-ray players also play DVD's and there are many products to choose from as many films bring them out on blu-ray. It has a huge impact on the audience as they are becoming more and more popular and make the films look better.



HD:

High definition films are similar to blu-ray although blu-ray are just like ordinary DVD's. HD is being introduced to TV's so even channels are in high definition. HD films are much clearer and look more realistic. They have a much better affect and sometimes it doesn't look like a film. It works similar to 3D as the picture is so clear, it involves the audience more. Examples of films that came out in HD are 2012, Law Abiding Citizen, Avatar, Transformers, Friday the 13th and many more.

Special Effects:

Special effects are used in films to make it stand out and attract viewers. These special effects work well with 3D and HD as it involves the audience. They work extremely well with action films as stunts jump out of the screen and explosions look more realistic. Editing software is used to create these special effects and depending on the budget they have, they can be pretty extreme. Hollywood uses them a lot because they can afford the technology and spend more time on making the special effects. There are optical and mechanical effects and there are different ways of using them. A blue screen can be used or physical equipment can be strapped to a person to make a character electronically.

Universal Pictures Fact Sheet.

Hollywood Fact Sheet

Working Title Fact Sheet.

Working Title Fact Sheet