The 5 C's.

• Camera Angles
• Close ups (to show important elements)
• Continuity
• Cutting (editing)
• Composition (mise en scene)

Facial Expressions.

Marjorie Ferguson

• chocolate box - half or full-smile, lips together or slightly parted, teeth barely visible, full or three-quarter face to camera.
• invitational - emphasis on the eyes, mouth shut or with only a hint of a smile, head to one side or looking back to camera
• super smiler - full face, wide open toothy smile, head thrust forward or chin thrown back, hair often wind-blown
• romantic or sexual - a fourth and more general classification devised to include male and female ‘two-somes, or the dreamy, heavy-lidded, unsmiling big-heads, or the overtly sensual or sexual

Trevor Millum

• seductive - similar to the cool/level look in many respects - the eyes are less wide, perhaps shaded, the expression is less reserved but still self-sufficient and confident; milder versions may include a slight smile
• carefree - nymphlike, active, healthy, gay, vibrant, outdoor girl; long unrestrained outward-flowing hair, more outward-going than the above, often smiling or grinning
• practical - concentrating, engaged on the business in hand, mouth closed, eyes object-directed, sometimes a slight frown; hair often short or tied back
• comic - deliberately ridiculous, exaggerated, acting the fool, pulling faces for the benefit of a real or imaginary audience, sometimes close to a sort of archness
• catalogue - a neutral look as of a dummy, artificial, waxlike; features may be in any position, but most likely to be with eyes open wide and a smile, but the look remains vacant and empty; personality has been removed

We picked the video 'Forget You' by Cee Lo Green because we thought about the variety of facial expressions it may have in it. Some of these included:

• chocolate box - the young boy looks at the girl for the first time and slighty smiles as she smiles back
• inviting - the young girl who looks back at the boy and smiles invitingly at him while talking to her mum
• inviting - the three backing singers introduce the video by inviting the viewers into the restaurant by smiling
• super smiler - the three backing singers smile widely while singing along in the restaurant
• carefree - the young girl sits looking around like she is not bothered still smiling and grinning

Key Concepts and Terminology.

Institutions and audiences overview

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Eva Mendes Calvin Klein Advert.

EVA MENDES

Freddie Ljungberg Calvin Klein Advert.

freddie ljungberg

Representation - The Gaze.

Powerpoint..

FORD (MR) MEDIA (AS): The Male Gaze

Representation - The Gaze.

The gaze is a technical term originally used in film theory in the 1970's to refer to the ways viewers look at images of people in any visual medium. The male gaze can be described as feminist reference to the voyeuristic way in which men look at women. Jonathan Schroeder quoted..

Forms of gaze

• the spectator's gaze (us)
• the intra-diegetic gaze (within)
• the direct address or extra-diegetic (looking out)
• the look of the camera (man)
• the gaze of the bystander
• the gaze of an audience

The Fourth Wall
The fourth wall is the front part of the stage which is between the stage and the audience. This is what involves the audience during filming and it breaks this illusion by making the audience think that it is actually a film.

Direction of gaze
Trevor Millum came up with many different directions of gaze, these include:

• attention directed towards others
• attention directed towards an object
• attention directed to oneself
• attention directed to a reader/camera
• attention directed to middle distance

Laura Mulvey - The male gaze

• Mulvey wrote a book called "Visual pleasure and narrative cinema" in 1975
• She believed that males are active and females are passive
• She also thought women are viewed as an image and men are the bearers of the look
• She introduced the idea of voyeuristic and fetishistic looks

Criticisms

• There is a failure to account for a female spectator
• It looks only at the spectatoras being a hetrosexual male
• since the 1980's there has been an increasing display and sexualisation of the male body in mainstream cinema and TV advertising

Categorising facial expressions

Women

• chocolate box
• invitational
• super-smiler
• romantic/sexual
• Marjorie Ferguson (1980)

Men:

• carefree
• practical
• seductive
• comic
• catalogue
• Trevor Millum (1975)

Film-making Flow Chart - Page one.

Flow Chart

Film-making Flow Chart - Page two.

Flow Chart 2

Film-making Process.

In this lesson we were focusing on the film-making process and what happens in each stage. This storyboard was a helpful way of understanding this. We then went on to create a flowchart of each stage, giving example from Working Title, Warp Films and Hollywood films.

http://www.skillset.org/film/business/index.html

Discuss the issues and patterns which enables your institution to thrive as a film business, with a focus on the production process.

Mrs Frearson Essay, Audience and Institution

TV Drama-Generic Conventions.

You will find that TV dramas all have the following ingredients:

Characters – even particular kinds of characters: eg, at its most simple, ‘good’ and ‘bad’ characters.

Stories – they all tell stories, whether those stories involve adventure, crime or romance and they often, but not always, end happily.

The stories are told against familiar backdrops: – eg, homes, police stations and offices (for crime dramas), hospitals (for medical dramas) – most of which are created in studios. However, most dramas also use outside locations to create particular effects.

Camerawork – particular kinds of shots are used: eg, sequences involving establishing shots followed by mid-shots of characters, shot/reverse shots to show character interaction and, in particular,close-ups to show the characters’ emotions.

Stories use dialogue to tell the stories. Occasionally, monologues are built in (as voiceovers, a character telling a story).

Music is used to punctuate the action, create effects (suspense, tension) and underline emotional moments.

Particular subgenres tend to have items which make them immediately identifiable – police cars, blue lights, operating theatres and scalpels, triage/reception areas in hospitals. Icons of the genre, they symbolise the (sub) genre.

Warp Films - Fact Sheet.

Warp Fact Sheet

Representation & Stereotypes (Regional Identity & Sexuality) - Shameless.

How are regional identity and sexuality represented in the opening sequence of Shameless episode 1?

In our lesson, we watched the opening of Shameless episode one. Firstly, we discussed what stereotypes we currently come across daily and how they make people look. They can be biased as it might just be somebody's opinion but generally that's how people come across. Binary opposites were related to this as we found the differences between the two. The first ones we looked at were a person's sexuality. The stereotypes we discussed were gay and straight. For gay we found that most people agreed that they are usually camp, limp wristed with a mincing walk. They are also very loud and flamboyant. Although as time passes the stereotype can change as they are normally people think of them to be very feminine and girly whereas now, they are quite muscular and manly. Another point is that they have two different types for each gender. We classed the females to be camp and males to be butch. This just shows how the stereotype can change. For straight, we came up with the idea that they are either too sensitive or not sensitive at all, they love girls, they read lads magazines, they drink beer and are usually quite unhealthy. Another thing that we found was that they were metro sexual or didn't care about their appearance at all.

We also looked at stereotypes for regional identity. We split the stereotype into two and looked at northerners and southerners. For northerners we found that they are generally poorer, they have strong accents, can be quite butch, they are quite old fashioned, they wear flat caps, have whippets, they are less educated, they speak slang, there is more crime, they swear a lot and are very witty.  For the Southerners we came up with the idea that they are richer, quite camp, well educated, they wear suits, have the 'Essex' stereotype, speak cockney, have expensive possessions and have different cultures. Overall the class decided that the northerners were the positive ones and the Southerners the negative ones. This is down to how they represent themselves.

Then we went on to look at the opening of episode one of Shameless. It starts with the dad of the family Frank Gallagher, introducing the rest of his family. There is his daughter Fiona who is a "big help, massive help", his son Lip who is quite gobby, his second son Ian "who is a lot like his mam", his other son Carl, his youngest daughter Debbie who is "a total angel" and finally the youngest son Liam, "the little rock and roller". This introduction gives us an idea of what the whole family is like, including Frank by the way he talks and what he says. You can tell that the Gallagher family are from the North, because of their accent, they are very laid back, they swear a lot, they're quite rough, there are high levels of crime, not very educated and are quite funny. They also don't have a lot of money and we can see this because of the amount of people living in that one house and they're possessions are very basic and cheap.

To begin with I looked at each individuals sexuality. Firstly there is Lip. He is obviously straight and comes across as a typical hormonal teenager. He is also quite funny but he seems quite cheeky to everyone which is also stereotypical but teenagers of today sometimes get in trouble because it can be mistaken for being rude. He gets himself involved in a sexual encounter which is also very normal for a teenage boy and this adds a level of humour since boys can relate to it and laugh at how they look. Then there is Ian. Ian's sexuality is probably the most unexpected. He seems to be a normal teenage boy, just like Lip, but as we can see in the opening, that Lip finds his folder and obviously finds out that he's gay. Humour is added to the scene once again when Lip looks at the Kylie poster on his wall that Ian has put up. It is funny as Kylie is an idol to most girls, not boys. Ian surprisingly comes across as quite feminine as he immediately starts crying when Lip finds him out which is stereotypical for gay people. Once again he does not come across as a stereotypical gay because he acts and looks like a normal teenager. This shows how the stereotype is not always the same for everyone although they may change during time but they are not always the same as the typical stereotype. Next there is Fiona. She is also straight and she makes it very clear. She is very flirty and outgoing. When she goes out with Veronica to to club, she has lots of fun and like the attention from the boys. When she meets Steve, she automatically flirts with him as she knows he's interested in her. She is the stereotypical straight girl as she likes to go out, get herself dressed up and have fun. Lastly, there is Steve. He is clearly a straight man due to his personality and sex-driven attitude. At the club when he meets Fiona, he immediately tries to impress her by running after the person who robbed her purse but he fails. When he meets her outside it is clear that they are both interested in one another by the way they act and their attitude to one another. The atmosphere is also set up so it makes the audience think that they are going to get together.  He seems to be quite metro sexual as well as he dresses smartly and its almost as if he loves himself. He also has a sexual encounter with Fiona which is very stereotypical as it was the start of their relationship. Many men always get themselves involved in these situations. He is very masculine which also shows that he fits the stereotype.

Next, I looked at their regional identity. Fiona, Lip and Ian are obviously from the North and Steve from the South. Steve seems isolated from everyone else because how different he is and he doesn't fit in. Not only his appearance but also his personality is a complete contrast to the others. Fiona, Lip and Ian all live in a very small house and are quite uneducated. They also swear a lot and have a strong northern accent and speak in slang. This brings humour as it stereotypes a typical northerner to most people. They get involved in crime as well where the rate of crime is a lot higher in the North. Steve is the complete opposite to this family. He is well spoken and cares about his appearance. His accent is very posh which shows he is from the South and he is also well educated. He seems like he has a lot of money because of the clothes that he wears. This shows how different two classes of people can be and how they vary stereotypically.

Mise en scene is used effectively to emphasise these stereotypes. This also relates to regional identity as it makes it clear where they are. At the beginning when Frank is introducing everything, He says that "nobody is saying that Chatsworth Estate is the Garden of Eden" which shows that even he doesn't think anything of it although he goes on to say that it has been a good home to him so he is happy to live there. The setting is very important to build up the scene and helps show what is happening between the characters. They also went to a club which shows what Northerners do in their spare time and what they like to do. The lighting is also quite dark and dull so it shows that the house that they stay in is nothing special. Music is also used well as it helps sets the mood and atmosphere. It also helps the audience understand where the characters stand with one another, whether they are angry or happy. For example, when Steve and Fiona are kissing, we can hear birds which could possibly show a new relationship blossoming and the sound of birds represents and stereotypes love. It's something we can all relate to. The camera work which is also used represents the mood but also highlights the scene. There are quick, snappy shots but also longer ones when the conversations are more intense and meaningful. The variety of shots are effective as they create a different mood for the characters in each scene and helps tell the story. Intertextuality is also a main feature as it relates to other films that the audience may have seen.

Rushmore (1998).

Is Max Fischer a stereotypical teenager?

Rushmore was produced in 1998 and was directed by Wes Anderson. His work is very well known  and he is described to be an auteur, which shows how he is good at emphasising his recognisable visual style.
This montage sequence that starts at the beginning of the film includes intertextuality which is when one film refers to another. This is effective as we see both sides of them. The song that is included in this clip is called 'Making time' by The Creation. This helps create the atmosphere and also shows how busy Max is all of the time which makes it quite chaotic because it gets faster.
I don't believe that Max is a stereotypical teenager because he looks to be very hardworking and is anything but lazy. He tries everything as most of the activities that he does do vary a lot. Teenagers are portrayed to be extremely lazy and laid back also Max is very different. He takes part in most things at Rushmore College whereas most teenagers try their best to stay out of them. Another point that makes him a non stereotypical teenagers is the way he wears his uniforms and outfits. He is very smartly dressed in everything he does which could be a way of expressing him as a person. Normally, teenagers are very scruffy and dress informally. The fact that he is the founder or president of most of his activities might show that he is a good leader and likes to aim high in everything he does. Although in some things he wasn't  the very best. He may be good at some things but not at everything. For example, he had a yellow belt in karate club, he was in the debating club, the flying hours were not for very long and he came second in his choir master club. This related to teenagers because not all teenagers are good at everything. Mise en scene plays a huge part in this montage sequence. Each scene fits the title of his activity. An example of this is 'The model united nation Russia'. Here he is sitting in front of the world map and the setting fits his outfit. He has Mexico and India on both sides of him which makes him look more powerful. He is obviously very committed to each activity as he sticks to them and had achieved many things. Normally teenagers don't have any hobbies. Max is always so busy because he is involved in around 18 different activities:

Yankee review publisher- He is in charge of this club; the others follow him which show his dominance. The leads the others in the middle of them as he talks to them. He is also dressed very smartly wearing a blazer and tie.
French club president- In this club he is very important. He is wearing a beree which represents the french culture and he is also sat in the middle of the front row which shows how high skilled he is on that area.
Model united nations- Here he focuses on Russia and this is more appropriate because it is a stronger country which once again shows power. He is wearing a Russian style hat, again with a blazer which shows he cares about his appearance and it represents Russia. He is also sat up straight whereas teenagers usually slouch.
Stamp and coin club vice president- This is not generally a past time of a stereotypical teenagers although he has a large stamp collection which shows he is committed to his hobbies.
Debating team captain- He also plays a very important role in this group as well. He wears a tie whereas the others are wearing bow ties . He tries to show how individual and independent he is. Maybe he likes wearing his school uniform because he wears it a lot. He seems to be very different to the others, this could be because he is poorer or he is just more intelligent.
Lacrosse team manager- Here he looks very smart and it wearing a traditional jocks kit. He looks like the odd one out and not bothered about the game because he isn't focused on it.  He is too busy tidying up the jocks kit and it is as if they don't even notice him.
Calligraphy club president- Here he seems like he is the only one in the club which shows that he enjoys doing it even though nobody else is there.
Astronomy society founder- Here he is wearing the beree again which shows formality.
Fencing team captain- In this scene we can see that Max still has his school trousers on. This might show that he can't afford any new trousers or just that he likes looking smart.
Track and field- Here it looks like he is alone once again although this activity is very different to others. he might just be doing it for exercise instead of his leadership skills.
Choir master- He is conducting the choir which shows another one of his interests and passions.
Bombardment society founder- Here he is in uniform once again.
Kungfu club- In this scene, all of the others seem to be better than him and are younger. This could
 show he is not as good as sports as he is with other hobbies.
Trap and skeet club founder- Here we can see that he has his only friend with him. Nobody else is doing the activity with him which makes you feel sorry for him.
Beekeepers club- Once again his uniform is still on and he is the only person completing the activity.
Go-karting club- Here he is sitting in a damaged go-kart sitting as an outsider as if he doesn't fit in with the rest off the group. he is once again wearing his school uniform.
Drama club- In a way, it seems arrogant to call the club after himself, although he is keen to keep it running and works very hard.
Flying club- Here he has not completed many hours of flying which shows he is not very professional. He is smartly dressed once again and looks quite intelligent.
To conclude, I believe that Max is a non-stereotypical teenager, because of his personality and he seems to be very committed to everything he does. He is not lazy at all and dresses smartly whereas normal teenagers are very laid back and scruffy. Usually teenagers just go out with friends and don't worry about hobbies or work at school whereas Max looks like he has the determination and commitment to stick to his activities.

Film Financing - Notes..

Film finance

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Social demographics.

• Men - aged 18-25
• Women - aged 18-25
• Men - aged 35-50
• Women - aged 35-50
• Asian/English men - aged 18-30
• African American men
• Young proffessionals
• Elderly men and women
• 'Emo's'
• Working class males
• Mothers
• Infant children
• Children - aged 7-11
• Teenagers
• University graduates
• Educated men - aged 35-55
• Teenage girls

Here are just a few of the social demographics that are currently present. It is important to pick the correct one for your film so that it meets the target audience and the theme or story of the piece. If they do not match to the story of the film, they will not be interested as it doesn't meet their age range, or social status.

Binary opposites - Powerpoint.

Binary opposites

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Representation Areas.

1. Gender
2. Age
3. Ethnicity
4. Sexuality
5. Class and status
6. Physical ability/disability
7. Regional identity

American Beauty.

The opening of the film is very effective. It starts with introducing the main character called Lester Burnham, played by Kevin Spacey. He introduces himself, his family and his neighbourhood in many different ways. We get an immediate impression of what he is really like from the start, then throughout the opening we learn more about him from his family's point of view. As the first scene begins, his body language comes across as him being very confident and laid back. He also seems to be very careless and forgetful which automatically shows the audience how he is and how his personality affects him. Later on in the scene he becomes more sarcastic and monotone. This could be trying to show that he is going through a mid-life crisis and that he is very pessimistic and negative about most things. Overall, our first impression of him is that he is quite cynical but well off. He also says exactly what he feels which emphasises his honesty.  It is almost as if he has no ambition and he has given up because he seems to think nothing goes right for him. The tone of his voice links to his body language as he believes he is not important and nobody has any respect for him. This shows how dull and average he is because we can see that he has succeeded although he doesn't seem bothered about the way he portrays himself to be. The clothes that he wears are also an example of how average he is as he just wears pyjamas at night and a suit for work.

The relationship between him, his wife and his daughter is very complex. His wife and daughter obviously know what he is like and by what happens in the film; they seem to treat him like a child instead of his daughter. This shows he is not the dominant person in the family and never has been. An example of this is when Lester is late for work, and his daughter is waiting in the front seat of the car and his wife is shouting him from outside the house. When he arrives he uses a sarcastic comment to her as he drops everything out from his briefcase. He then sits in the back seat of the car which shows that he is not as important or on the same level as his wife or his daughter. This shows that their relationship is very distant and almost non existent. His running commentary of his thoughts adds to the understanding of the story which adds humour as we can relate to him.

Mise en scene is used to create the atmosphere. The neighbourhood that he lives in looks like an average neighbourhood although his house looks very expensive and he looks well off. He seems to have lots of money and nice possessions which shows that he works hard and thats the only thing that keeps him going.  It is clear that he doesn't love his wife, and the audience can obviously see that the feelings mutual due to the way the talk and respond to one another. Lester says that having a shower is the best part of the day, which almost makes him sound quite pathetic although his feelings are clear and honest which once again adds humour. The whole thing is like a flashback. The use of colour is very effective, although not very noticeable. The lighting around him is quite dark and shadowy which could be trying to make him out to be the bad person, as the lighting around his wife is bright and cheerful. Red, white and blue are the colours that are used the most which shows the american themed colour palette. This is effective as it stereotypes the family and how their relationships affect one another. The use of red roses are also included which represent happiness and love but we get a clear idea that this is not present in this relationship.  Lastly, we see how Lester is trapped in his own home. We can see this because in one scene he is looking out of his window looking at his wife talking to the nextdoor neighbour. This also makes him look like a child although, deep down he is not bothered about her relationship with others as he doesn't love her. We get the idea that he is 'trapped' from everything. He is bored of his every day life and wants to get away from it all.

From this opening of American Beauty, we can see how demographics, body language, the tone of voice, clothes and mise en scene, affects performance, and if used well, how it helps creates the story. Personality is a very important factor of characters and we can see, by lester Burnham's attitude, it doesn't go down well with others, including his family.

Skills developed during the making of my magazine.

Overall, I found using Photo shop quite easy, although there were some difficulties. I think that the hardest part was cutting out the shape of the mid shot using the magnetic lasso tool. This was because the shape was quite complex but the software wouldn't let me edit it. I think my skills have improved in creativity because of the use of my colour palette and I found which colours worked well together. Next time, I would probably make it more colourful. I think my design was very successful and I made changes by developing the ideas that I originally had which made it look more professional. I related me magazine to other conventional magazines which also helped me develop more ideas. I would experiment more with the location of the features if I had to change it and probably add more pictures to make it more interesting and eye catching. My confidence in using Photo shop grew as I was using it as I learnt new things like using the tools and learning new techniques.

Conventions of a magazine - Evaluation.

Annotating Magazine Cover

Film Financing.

Film Financing

Production Notes - Documentary.

• The film begins and ends with a producer
• The producer finds an original idea and see's it all way through to the cinema
• They then look at it as a bigger picture and protects the director
• The producer then develops the idea, raises money for the funding of the film, makes the film and finally takes it to the market

The first gamble:

• The first thing to do is to choose the idea and the script
• All the scripts are a big idea as they want something to write about that inspires the director
• The director then takes the idea one step further

The package:

• The producer and directors create a plan
• They decide on a budget and the cast that they will have in the film
• The actors are crucial in a film as they attract the audience
• The script then gets polished and developed depending on what alterations they have then made up to that point
• Creation or elimination of characters then takes place as well as changes in location

Attracting investment:

• Producers have to find support from TV companies for a regional film fund
• They also need a group of financers (preferably 3-10)
• They also need foreign investment from overseas
• By this point they also have a multi partner (director and producer) these are in charge
• Usually there is not much money around to make a film and there is so much competition so planning is essential

Planning:

• The producers and directors have to break the script down
• They identify the hardest scenes and build it into their schedule as this will be the most time consuming
• Having the correct team around you is also important in the collaborative process
• The cinematographer is also important during planning as they are the 'right hand man' to the multi partner

Budget:

• All films are based on investment
• Having a finance plan is essential when producing a film
• The director will once again break down the script and split it into sections
• They will then analyse the whole script

Above and below line costs:

• This is the cost of creating the story, the cast and crew, the writer and the main actors
• This also includes the people that make the film and who put it altogether

Audience:

• When making the film, the producer needs to have a very clear idea of what the target audience will be
• They need to connect and relate the idea of the film to the audience
• They need a film that the target audience can understand

Marketing:

• Marketing includes all hidden costs, it needs to be shown globally, the genre and the movie stars that will attract people and the audience

Film Financing - Final Conclusion of our film.

We found out that it is better to have more than one financer as it reduces the risk of losing valuable money and is more reliable because money is coming in from more than one area. This is ideal because if one financer pulls out, other money is still being financed. The director and producers are the ones controlling the film so it is up to them to manage the financing process. We decided to cut our original budget by a third and this is what we came up with:

B list actors - £7 million
B list directors - £2 million
Location - £5 million
Script writers - £2 million
Editors - £3 million

Total: £19 million (reduced from £29 million)

Film task - Demographics and The Pitch.

Budget for our film- 29 million after 17.5% deduction
Jonah Hill - Super student budget -£4 million
Will Ferrell - Doctor Evil Budget- £12 million
Hayden Panettiere - Jenny Budget- £4 million
Aaron Seltzer- Director - £5 million
Below the line costs - Extras,Set,Props,Other Cast members,crew Etc. £1.5 million

---

The demographic we got given was a film to appeal to a student/someone at university.
At first we thought of doing an action film similar to superman/spiderman but after getting feedback from the class we decided that a film of that type would suit a younger audience. So we changed the Genre of the film from action to a spoof film, this spoof film would then mock films such as superman and spiderman, doing a spoof film meant we could make the film have more grown up humour, the director that we chose for the film is Aaron Seltzer, we chose him because he has directed lots of other spoof films such as Date movie, Epic movie etc. The Cast that we thought would be good to play the main characters are all actors that have played similar parts to that in our film , For example Will Ferrell is a very well known comedy actor.
The main genres of our film were action and romantic comedy. Our demographic was a university graduate. So we decided that we'd have a university graduate that is in love with a fellow class mate. An evil enemy  then, kidnaps her and locks her away until the university graduate finds her and fights the enemy. He finally does find her and kills the enemy and it has a happy ending when they both fall in love. We knew our budget would vary depending on the actors we had in it.